Saturday, January 25, 2025

Comprehensive Guide: 2019-YDS/2 English Q&A


 1-6: Bu sorular için, boşluğu doldurmak için en uygun kelime ya da ifadeyi seçiniz.

1. Research has found that the typical brain is a ‘mosaic’ combining some features that are more common in males and some that appear more frequently in females, pointing to the ---- that human brains do not belong to two distinct types categorised by gender.

A) violation  B) conclusion  C) development  
D) compulsion  E) obstacle

2. Many scientists and research advocates contend that animal experiments are crucial for learning about basic biology and disease mechanisms, and are necessary for testing the ---- of new medicines.

A) scarcity   B) urgency  C) ambiguity  
D) efficacy  E) uniformity

3. Because the functions and disturbances of smell and taste are nearly ----, disturbances of one affect the other.
A) inconvenient  B) unremarkable  C) inexplicable  
D) unsophisticated  E) inseparable

4. Maps of the ocean are rare as the vastness and depth of the ocean make it ---- difficult to study.


A) admirably  B) notoriously  C) questionably  
D) properly  E) incidentally

5. Children with autism spectrum conditions often have trouble ---- the emotional states of people around them, struggling to distinguish a happy face from a sad one, for example.

A) overcoming  B) ignoring  C) provoking  
D) identifying  E) improving

6. Human accomplishments ---- our ability to acquire knowledge from others and to use that communal store of experience to devise novel solutions to life’s challenges.

A) call off B) stem from C) bring down 
D) take out  E) figure out

7-16: Bu sorular için, boşlukları doldurmak üzere en uygun kelime(leri) veya ifade(leri) seçiniz.

7. For the first time, doctors ---- that temporarily opening the protective barrier of the human brain ---- to boost the delivery of cancer medication to brain tumours.

A) are showing / helped       B) have shown / helps    C) showed / is helping
D) will have shown / was helping   E) will be showing / has been helping

8. The Martian atmosphere is so thin, and the planet’s temperature so low that liquid water ---- there, and if it ever did in the past, conditions ---- very different.

    A) might not have existed / were to be         B) could not exist / must have been
    C) would not exist / can be                           D) cannot exist / must have been
    E) must not exist / should have been

9. A tsunami damaged emergency generators that ---- power to keep the nuclear reactors at Fukushima in Japan cool; however, the earthquake ---- to the tsunami also caused the cooling systems to fail.

A) should provide / to lead
B) could have provided / to have led
C) would have provided / leading
D) must have provided / having led
E) might provide / led

10. ---- the 17th century, committed Anglicans produced a steady flow of religious and devotional literature that aimed to inspire holiness ---- readers.
A) By / about   B) Throughout / among    C) During / through
D) From / against    E) Across / over

11. The word adolescence is Latin ---- origin, derived from the verb adolescere, which means ‘to grow ---- adulthood.’

A) through / on   B) from / to    C) at / beyond  
 D) in / into    E) with / over

12. ---- immigrants to North America’s new colonies were primarily British in the 17th and 18th centuries, significant numbers of people of other nationalities also established a presence in the Americas.

A) Because   B) While   C) As long as  
 D) Provided that   E) Once

13. Not much had been accomplished with the phenomena of magnetism and static ---- the Chinese began to use the magnetic compass for navigation around 1000 AD.

A) similar to   B) until    C) in case  
D) in place of   E) as soon as

14. Liquid water covers more than two-thirds of the Blue Planet’s surface, ---- exactly how it got there has always been puzzling.

A) so   B) instead   C) but  
D) otherwise   E) as

15. Personality is ---- a crucial aspect of psychology ---- every main branch of psychological research has attempted to contribute to the existing knowledge in this area.

A) such / that   B) as much / as   C) whether / or  
D) the more / the more   E) neither / nor

16. Having a geopolitical significance ---- its unique aspect of dividing two continents, the Bosphorus stands among distinguished landmarks of Istanbul.

A) similar to  
B) thanks to   
C) in spite of   
D) contrary to   E) as soon as

17-21: Bu sorular için, metindeki boşlukları doldurmak üzere en uygun kelime ya da ifadeyi seçiniz.

In 2015, the Australian Shark Attack File, kept by researchers at Sydney’s Taronga Conservation Society, recorded 33 shark attacks in local waters, two of which were fatal. Both deaths, (17)---- a series of close encounters in which no one was harmed, were clustered around the towns of Ballina and Byron Bay in New South Wales, one of the eastern states of Australia. (18)---- , in 2014 the total number of attacks was 23; in 2013, that figure stood at 14. “But the stats only tell part of the story,” says John West, curator of the Australian Shark Attack File. He (19)---- the rise in attacks not to a sudden change in shark behaviour but to the higher number of surfers in the water. “For the last 60 years, wetsuits (20)---- people to spend more time in the water throughout the winter months, thus surfing in those conditions increases the risk,” says West. In addition, marine ecologist Dr. Daniel Bucher suggests that rainfalls in the state’s north could be carrying food for fish from rivers (21)---- the ocean and attracting sharks. “Don’t swim if you know there are plenty of bait fish around,” Bucher advises. “Especially if they’re breaking the surface, as it usually means something is chasing them from below.

17.   A) Owing to  B) On behalf of  C) Along with  D) By means of  E) With the aim of

18.   
A) Therefore  B) That is          C) Eventually    
D) For instance   E) By comparison

19.    A) leads         B) attributes    C) conveys        
D) dedicates        E) exposes

20.   
A) were allowing  B) had allowed  C) have allowed  
D) used to allow  E) will be allowing

21.   A) with
g  
B) about  C) into 
D) upon  E) for

22-26: Bu sorular için, pasajdaki boşlukları doldurmak üzere en uygun kelime ya da ifadeyi seçiniz.

As early humans moved out of Africa and into colder climates, they were confronted with the problem of keeping warm. Without a coat of hair to protect themselves against harsh climatic conditions, they (22)---- an artificial means of retaining body heat in order to survive. From this basic need developed the rich and varied dress of the world’s peoples. As societies began to develop, many other factors (23)---- the specific dress of a region or a culture, including the relative affluence, class and hierarchy, migration, war, religion, and industrialisation. Historically, dress has provided people with a visual cue that helps them make predictions about a person (24)---- ethnicity, class, gender, profession, 2 economic status, and even place of origin. It forms an important element in social and economic history and can be an excellent basis 3 (25)---- the study of culture. Most cultures have particular dress for ceremonial occasions and life celebrations (26)----, dress holds a central role in ritual, social, and political life.

22.   A) might find   B) can find   C) should have found  
D) had to find  E) would have found

23.  A) blurred  B) endured  C) determined  
D) exhausted  E) threatened

24.  
A) regardless of  B) in terms of  
C) similar to  D) rather than  E) over

25.  
A) toward  B) at  C) for  
D) over  E) from

26.  A) Due to  B) Despite  C) As for 
 D) In case of  E) Instead of

27-36: Bu sorular için, verilen cümleyi tamamlamak üzere en uygun seçeneği seçiniz.
27. As the Dakota tribes along the Minnesota River in the US were fed up with settlers flooding into their territory, ----.

A) they were less powerful and thus failed to defeat the settlers
B) the settlers were determined to fight against the Dakota tribes
C) they decided to respond with attacks to push the settlers off their reservation
D) the settlers reached an agreement on the territorial issues with the Dakota tribes
E) the new settlers of Dakota started a riot to rebel against the tribal chiefs

28.. Because we are bombarded with so much information and misinformation about what might cause cancer, ----.

A) it is often hard to separate myth from reality
B) it affects every one of us in the same way
C) the chance of being diagnosed is one in two
D) there are some things we can do to reduce our risk of getting cancer
E) the extent of public confusion was exposed in a survey last year

29. For a long time, punishment was viewed as a useful child-rearing tool, ----.

A) since children seek role models who they can observe and imitate to learn complex social behaviours
B) furthermore, it evokes strong negative feelings in a child that he or she relates to the person applying it
C) therefore, punishment draws attention to the negative behaviour rather than the desired alternative
D) yet, it is now recognised that it generally does not lead to the desired behavioural outcome for children
E) hence, parents punishing their children for an inappropriate action are not providing an example of the correct behaviour

30. While each researcher has their own way of analysing and interpreting animal remains, ----.

A) it must be remembered that sample size and preservation quality ultimately influence the outcome
B) animal remains aid in the interpretation of ancient resource choices
C) it is fundamental to determine the locations and social complexity of archaeological sites
D) animal remains can be used to provide information about a variety of issues in the study of societies
E) some methods, terms and analytical tools are considered standard

31. Even though animal behaviourists have traditionally avoided linking human emotions, such as grief, with responses by animals, ----.

A) grief in animals may take forms that are difficult for humans to recognise as mourning
B) observations suggest that the ways in which we mourn might be uniquely human
C) a growing body of evidence shows that species ranging from dolphins to ducks mourn the passing of relatives
D) research on grief in wild monkeys that live in social units has been surprisingly limited so far
E) we think that humans are the only species that grieves over the loss of loved ones

32. ----, language, as a complicated phenomenon of the human mind, does not seem to be restricted to a single region in the brain.
A) If neurolinguists want to examine the functioning of the human brain in more detail
B) Even if certain tasks are fulfilled through coordination among neurons
C) Although it is localised mainly on the left side of the brain
D) As it is a concrete manifestation of the human mind
E) When the brain is overwhelmed with long and complex sentences

33. ----, someone who is successful in several fields is often called a Renaissance man or Renaissance woman.
A) In order to better understand the masterpieces of the brilliant Renaissance artists such as Michelangelo and Raphael
B) While the Renaissance affected every area of human activity and knowledge, from art to zoology
C) Because the Renaissance produced individuals with a wide range of interests who excelled in a number of different areas
D) Although most historians shared the view of the period as a rebirth after the darkness of the Middle Ages
E) After science advanced when Renaissance humanists discovered and spread ancient works on mathematics, medicine, and other topics

34. Peer pressure is what causes people to do things that are popular in order to fit in with others, ----.

A) while middle school students influence each other to a great extent
B) however, peers are the people who are of similar age, such as classmates
C) in other words, some individuals resist peer pressure and prioritise their own personal views
D) so it can be a very powerful driving force in the lives of adolescents
E) as psychologists use positive peer pressure as a method to change a child’s behaviour

35. According to skeletal therapists, it is vital that women strengthen their bodies in their 40s, ----.

A) so a considerable number of women do not know very well how to maintain their bone health
B) as bone density starts to gradually decrease, leaving the bones fragile during this period
C) but hunched shoulders and poor posture can lead to a range of health issues in the old age
D) as long as muscles work optimally to support the skeleton and the body is positioned correctly
E) even though bad posture is known to give them an awkward look and might lead to serious ailments in time

36. Fast food has emerged as one of the biggest enemies of health, especially for children, ----.
A) thus its high consumption makes sense when the prices are considered
B) provided that the most common cause of obesity is the wide availability of fast food
C) while people are highly concerned about the nutritional deficiency of foods like burgers
D) so the fast food industry has received a lot of critical attention in recent years
E) as many fast food restaurants have started to provide healthier alternatives such as salads

37-42: Bu sorular için, İngilizce cümlelerin en doğru Türkçe çevirisini ve Türkçe cümlelerin en doğru İngilizce çevirisini seçiniz.

37. Alternative medicine has become increasingly popular in the Western world since about 1975, and has been the subject of much research ever since.

A) Yaklaşık 1975’ten beri Batı dünyasında gittikçe yaygınlaşan alternatif tıp, bu tarihten itibaren birçok araştırmanın konusu olmuştur.

B) Alternatif tıp, Batı dünyasında yaklaşık 1975’ten beri gittikçe popüler hâle gelmiştir ve bu tarihten itibaren pek çok araştırmanın konusu olmuştur.

C) Alternatif tıp, Batı dünyasında yaklaşık 1975’ten beri gitgide yaygınlaşarak bu tarihten itibaren çok sayıda araştırmanın konusu olmuştur.

D) Yaklaşık 1975’ten beri Batı dünyasında gittikçe artan bir popülerliğe sahip olan alternatif tıp, bu tarihten itibaren birçok araştırmaya konu olmuştur.

E) Alternatif tıp, yaklaşık 1975’ten beri Batı dünyasında gitgide tanındığı için bu tarihten itibaren birçok araştırmanın konusu olmuştur.

38. Forensic investigators make a permanent record of anything at a crime scene that is relevant to the crime, and not only does this attention prevent dependence on highly unreliable human memory, and it also provides evidence that is likely to be accepted in court.

A) Adli araştırmacıların olay yerinde suç ile ilgili her şeyin kalıcı kaydını tutmaları ve onların bu dikkatleri, oldukça güvenilmez olan insan hafızasına bağımlı olmayı engellemekle kalmaz, mahkemede muhtemelen kabul edilebilecek kanıt da sağlar.

B) Olay yerinde suç ile ilgili her şeyin kalıcı kaydını tutan adli araştırmacılar ve onların bu dikkatleri, oldukça güvenilmez olan insan hafızasına bağımlı olmayı engellemekle birlikte mahkemeye muhtemelen kabul edilebilecek kanıt sağlar.

C) Adli araştırmacılar, olay yerinde suç ile ilgili her şeyin kalıcı kaydını tutarlar ve bu dikkat sadece oldukça güvenilmez olan insan hafızasına bağımlı olmayı engellemekle kalmaz aynı zamanda mahkemede muhtemelen kabul edilebilecek kanıt da sağlar.

D) Adli araştırmacılar, olay yerinde suç ile ilgili her şeyin kalıcı kaydını dikkatle tutarlar ve bu, hem oldukça güvenilmez olan insan hafızasına bağımlı olmalarını engeller hem de mahkemede muhtemelen kabul edilebilecek kanıt sunmalarını sağlar.

E) Adli araştırmacılar olay yerinde suç ile ilgili her şeyin kalıcı kaydını dikkatli bir şekilde tutarak hem oldukça güvenilmez olan insan hafızasına bağımlı olmaktan kaçınırlar hem de mahkemede muhtemelen kabul edilebilecek kanıt elde ederler.

39. Bullying has been documented in almost every culture around the world, though there is evidence that it may be more prevalent in some countries than in others.

A) Dünya genelinde neredeyse bütün ülkelerde zorbalığa dair kanıtlar bulunmaktadır ancak bazı kültürlerde diğerlerinde olduğundan daha yaygın olabileceği ispat edilmiştir.

B) Dünya genelinde neredeyse her kültürde kanıtları olan zorbalığın bazı ülkelerde diğerlerinde olduğundan daha yaygın olabileceği ispat edilmiştir.

C) Dünya genelinde neredeyse her kültürde bulunduğu ispat edilmiş olsa da zorbalığın bazı ülkelerde diğerlerine oranla daha yaygın olduğuna dair kanıtlar bulunmuştur.

D) Zorbalığın dünya çapında neredeyse her kültürde var olduğu ispat edilmiştir ancak bazı ülkelerde diğerlerinde olduğundan daha yaygın olabileceğine dair kanıtlar bulunmaktadır.

E) Bazı ülkelerde diğerlerine oranla daha yaygın olabileceğine dair kanıtlar bulunan zorbalığın, dünya genelinde neredeyse her kültürde var olduğu ispat edilmiştir.

40. Aşırı yağlı yiyecekler tüketen insanların diğerlerine göre kalitesiz gece uykusundan yakınmaları daha muhtemeldir, çünkü yağ tüketimi hormonları ve metabolizmayı olumsuz etkiler, ki bunların ikisi de uykuyu düzenleyen biyolojik saatle etkileşim içerisindedir.

A) People who live on high-fat foods are more likely to suffer from poor night-time sleep than others, because hormones and metabolism, both of which interact with the internal clock to regulate sleep, are adversely affected by fat intake.

B) People who consume high-fat foods are more likely to suffer from poor night-time sleep than others, as fat intake negatively affects hormones and metabolism, both of which interact with the internal clock that regulates sleep.

C) Because fat intake negatively affects both hormones and metabolism and their interaction with the internal clock that regulates sleep, people who prefer high-fat foods are more likely to suffer from poor night-time sleep than others.

D) When people consume high-fat foods, they become more likely to suffer from poor night-time sleep than others, as fat intake adversely affects hormones and metabolism, both of which interact with the internal clock in regulating sleep.

E) Compared to others, people who eat high-fat foods are more likely to suffer from poor night-time sleep and the negative effect of the fat intake on their hormones and metabolism, both of which interact with the internal clock that regulates sleep.

41. Anoreksiya nervoza, perhiz ve ince olma takıntısının aşırı kilo kaybına yol açtığı bir beslenme bozukluğudur; ancak birey kilo kaybını bir sağlık problemi olarak kabul etmez.

A) Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder caused by an individual’s obsession with dieting and thinness that leads to excessive weight loss, though the individual does not recognize the weight loss as a health problem.

B) Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder where an individual’s obsession with dieting and thinness results in excessive weight loss, but the individual does not consider the weight loss a health problem.

C) Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by an obsession with dieting and thinness that leads to excessive weight loss, but the individual does not acknowledge the weight loss as a health issue.

D) Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder that causes an individual to lose excessive weight due to their obsession with dieting and thinness, though the individual does not perceive the weight loss as a health problem.

E) Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder in which an individual obsessed with dieting and thinness loses excessive weight, which is not viewed as a health problem by the individual.

42. İlk kentlerin tam olarak ne zaman, nerede ve nasıl ortaya çıktığına dair tartışmalar devam etse de, çoğu araştırmacı bu kentlerin beş ya da altı bin yıl önce dünyanın çeşitli bölgelerinde kurulduğunu ileri sürmektedir.

A) Most researchers claim that the first cities were built five or six thousand years ago in various regions around the world, yet there are still ongoing debates about precisely when, where, and how these cities arose.

B) Even though discussions continue about exactly when, where, and how the first cities arose, many researchers argue that these cities were built five or six thousand years ago in various regions around the world.

C) Most researchers assert that the first cities were built five or six thousand years ago in different parts of the world, although debates still persist regarding exactly when, where, and how these cities emerged.

D) Although ongoing debates exist about exactly when, where, and how the first cities arose, most researchers propose that these cities were built five or six thousand years ago in various regions around the world.

E) Despite ongoing debates about when, where, and how the first cities arose, most researchers believe that these cities were built five or six thousand years ago in different regions around the world.

43-46: Answer the following questions based on the passage below.

You might think that the transition from using the naked eye for observation to utilizing instruments like telescopes and eyeglasses could be one of the greatest advancements in history. However, no one set out with the intention of inventing a telescope or eyeglasses. One of the most deeply ingrained human beliefs was faith in the unaided senses, especially the naked eye.

The origins of eyeglasses remain unknown—no one knows who invented them, how, or where. Everything suggests that they were invented by chance, most likely by a layperson with no formal knowledge of optics. Perhaps an elderly glassmaker, while making glass disks for leaded windows, tested a disk by looking through it and was delighted to find that his vision had improved. It's plausible that the inventor was not an academic, as professors typically would have proudly claimed their invention, and before the 13th century, no such individual is recorded. The term "lente" (Italian for lens, which is derived from the word for lentil, the edible seed) or "lente di vetro" (glass lentil) was first used to describe the invention. This term is clearly not academic in nature and seems unlikely to have been used by a professor explaining optical theories. From the early use of eyeglasses before 1300 until the invention of the telescope nearly three centuries later, lenses were largely disregarded by scholars.

43. What was the reason for the initial lack of interest in making instruments for improving human vision?

A) People saw no prospects for developments in the field of optics with respect to improving human vision

B) Instruments that aided human vision were not a popular topic of interest among scholars and glassmakers

C) There were too few scholars who had the necessary skills to invent instruments that could improve human vision

D) Scholars were not willing to collaborate with each other to invent optical devices

E) People had a strongly-held belief in the superiority of the naked eye

44. Which of the following could be true of the inventor of eyeglasses?

A) His usual work involved devising new instruments that improved human vision.

B) He was an experienced glassmaker who had a keen interest in optics.

C) He may have been an elderly inventor who did not want to boast about his invention.

D) Since he had difficulty seeing while working with glass disks, he invented eyeglasses to improve his vision.

E) He might have invented eyeglasses unintentionally while working on an unrelated project.

45. What makes the author think that the invention of eyeglasses was unacademic?

A) Most academicians did not pay attention to this invention as they were captivated by a more sophisticated tool – the telescope.

B) The very first word to refer to this invention seemed too odd to be linked with optical theories formulated by a professor.

C) Eyeglasses were invented by a glassmaker who did not have any knowledge about optical theories.

D) Professors would not consider the invention of eyeglasses remarkable enough to boast about.

E) Professors actually began to study lenses in a detailed way after the invention of the telescope.

46. What is the main idea of the passage?

A) Like most other inventions in the modern world, eyeglasses are the product of human wisdom and struggle.

B) Despite being an important technological innovation, the specifics related to the invention of eyeglasses remain unknown.

C) Not all scientific projects lead to success despite the concentrated efforts of academicians.
D) Scholars in the past were often against new technologies, so they rarely used them even if they enhanced the quality of their lives.

E) The etymology of the word lente gives us reliable information about the inventor of the greatest advancement in optical technology.

47-50: Answer the following questions based on the passage below.

The annual melt of Arctic ice is underway, and the melt is worsening. The size of the ice cap where the melt is taking place has become the smallest since satellite records began. It won’t be many more years until the Arctic is ice-free in summer. This is not news, nor is the fact that the US is about to break its promise on its climate change policies again. The scale and speed of worrying events in the Arctic are increasing, as is the recklessness of the current administration’s climate policies. The two are closely connected. Without comprehensive, rapid, global action, there is zero chance of preventing irreversible change in the Arctic, which may bring catastrophe to the rest of the world.

What is also not news is the antibiotic crisis. For years, if not decades, medical professionals have been warning that overuse is driving up resistance, threatening to propel us back to a pre-penicillin age when common bacterial infections could be fatal. Both are large, complex problems arising from technological progress. Both are tragedies that require collective action. But on antibiotic resistance, there are signs that the problem is getting less severe, thanks largely to changing prescription habits, following great collective action—something that is missing in the climate change problem.

47. According to the passage, the Arctic melt----
A) has only recently been found to cause ice-free summers in the Arctic soon
B) has finally led the US to keep its promise on its climate change policies
C) was taking place at a faster pace before satellite recordings began
D) will possibly result in worldwide devastation due to a lack of sound climate policies
E) is one of the most immediate priorities of a large number of governments worldwide

48. What is the author’s attitude toward the current US administration’s climate policies?
A) impartial  B) dissatisfied  C) indifferent
D) appreciative  E) sarcastic

49. It is clearly stated in the passage that the antibiotic crisis----- 

A) might have been alleviated thanks to the extensive use penicillin 

B) has diminished as a result of coordinated efforts to raise awareness of the issue 

C) could have been prevented if doctors had been warned about it much earlier 

D) is different from the climate change crisis in terms of politicians’ level of sensitivity 

E) can be tackled through the effective use of technological developments 

50. What is the main aim of the author in writing this passage?

A) To emphasise the importance of collective action in addressing major global problems
B) To show how carefully governments are trying to cope with global issues
C) To criticise the US government’s policies on climate change and the antibiotic crisis
D) To compare the methods used in the handling of the antibiotic crisis and climate change
E) To highlight the incompetence of policy-makers in combatting global tragedies

51-54: Answer these questions according to the passage below.

Child labour has traditionally referred to the use of children to perform adult work on farms, in factories, and in mines. Ironically, it has both helped and hindered the development of universal public education in the United States. Historically, this problem did not become a controversial social issue until the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the late 18th century. After a series of wars produced a shortage of adult male labour in Britain, cotton mill owners offered children free room and meals in company-owned dormitories in exchange for their labour. Government authorities were delighted to get homeless children off the streets. For the mills, the introduction of child labour proved to be one of the most profitable innovations of the Industrial Revolution. The practice spread to the United States, which also faced a shortage of adult male factory workers to produce food and tobacco, the staples of the new nation’s trade. At the time, most schools were already reserved for the children of landowners, and therefore, an entire generation of child labourers had grown up illiterate by the 1830s. As the quality of goods they produced deteriorated and overseas sales of American goods declined, many of the very industrialists who had exploited child labour at the turn of the century joined social reformers who wanted to end such exploitation, supporting universal compulsory education to ensure that their future workers would be able to read, write, and calculate.

51. Why did child labour become an important issue during the Industrial Revolution?

A) The number of homeless children in the streets increased dramatically.

B) Government officials were reluctant to provide homeless children with free room and meals.

C) The size of the labour force in Britain declined since wars resulted in a lack of adult male workers.

D) The development of universal public education was enhanced by government authorities.

E) Children who worked for cotton mill owners could earn a huge amount of money.

52. What caused child labourers in the United States to become illiterate?

A) They were supposed to contribute to the nation’s economic growth, so factory owners did not allow them to go to school.

B) They believed that engaging in food and tobacco production would bring them much more benefits than attending school.

C) They did not have to learn to read and write to perform simple tasks in factories.

D) Landowners did not want them to go to the schools where their children were taught since they thought this would cause a social conflict.

E) A great majority of the schools were only accepting the children of landowners, so they could not receive education.


53. What was the real reason why industrialists started to promote universal compulsory education?

A) Child labour combined with compulsory education was a practical option to cope with the shortage of adult male factory workers.

B) Child labour eventually had an adverse impact on the quality of American goods, which reduced export earnings.

C) Most of the child labourers were unable to read, write and calculate, which was a disturbing fact for industrialists in sociocultural terms.

D) Social reformers forced industrialists to acknowledge the fact that children must be well-educated.

E) Social reformers were against the brutal exploitation of child labour since children could not receive compulsory education.

54. What is the primary purpose of the author?


A) To explain why child labour was less effective in the United States compared to Britain

B) To inform readers about how farms, factories, and mines worldwide benefited from child labour in the late 1800s

C) To emphasise that farms, factories, and mines relied heavily on child labour to maintain productivity during the Industrial Revolution

D) To highlight how child labour, initially seen as beneficial, eventually proved to have disadvantages

E) To draw attention to the successful collaboration between industrialists and social reformers in promoting universal compulsory education

55-58: Answer these questions according to the passage below

Earth is teeming with life — and water makes it all possible. But elsewhere in the cosmos, life might be built from different chemicals that dissolve and assemble in other liquids, perhaps methane, kerosene, or even chloroform. For now, it is not feasible for humans to visit these worlds to see what is there, but researchers are exploring possibilities in Earth-based laboratories.

The idea of a strange, parallel form of life — with cells performing similar functions to ours but based on completely different chemistry — is not new. Isaac Asimov introduced this concept in his 1962 essay "Not as We Know It: The Chemistry of Life." In 2004, the same year the Cassini spacecraft entered Saturn’s orbit, biochemist Steven Benner proposed that life on a world like Saturn’s moon Titan might use liquid hydrocarbons as a solvent (a liquid that dissolves other substances), much like water is used on Earth.

With the discovery of new exoplanets almost daily, it is increasingly likely that some of them have oceans (or at least warm puddles) made of hexane, ethers, chloroform, or other exotic liquids that might serve as the foundation for unknown forms of life.

55. According to the passage, chemicals such as methane, kerosene, and chloroform ----

A) cannot be compared with water in their ability to dissolve life-supporting chemicals  

B) have been discovered on several exoplanets humans are planning to visit

C) have been proven to be better alternatives to water in enabling life

D) could potentially act as solvents for various chemicals that form life

E) should be studied further to protect life on Earth


56. It is stated in the passage that Isaac Asimov ----


A) led the way to discovering several exoplanets hosting life-friendly exotic liquids like hexane, ethers, and chlorofor

B) was the first person to understand that a solvent chemical, even if not water, is necessary for life to develop

C) came up with the idea that life might have formed elsewhere in the universe based on a different chemistry than we know

D) developed his thoughts about strange parallel forms of life using data from the Cassini spacecraft’s study of Saturn

E) inspired Steven Benner, who wrote in 2004 that liquid hydrocarbons might support life on a world like Saturn’s moon Titan


57. The underlined word "broached" is closest in meaning to:
A) introduced    B) distorted      C) revised
D) obscured       E) simplified


58. What is the passage mainly about?

A) The contributions of Asimov and Benner to understanding life on Earth

B) The search for alternatives to water that can support extraterrestrial life

C) Newly discovered exoplanets being studied for their potential to host life

D) The role of water as a solvent in the formation of life on Earth

E) The chemical processes behind the formation of water on other planets

59-62: Answer these questions according to the passage below

Companies often link pay increases to a measure of performance to motivate and retain the best employees, which may also ensure the companies’ long-term success. Among many forms of individual performance-related pay, the most popular is merit-based pay. Under such a system, an employee’s pay increase is based on a supervisor’s assessment of performance over a previous time period, usually the prior 12 months. The annual cycle of the pay scheme begins with the establishment of performance objectives, either by the supervisor or jointly between the employee and the supervisor. Progress is monitored over the ensuing months, and the supervisor rates the performance of an employee, on a given scale, against these objectives. Each of these rating points is then associated with the amount of a pay increase, expressed as a percentage, so the higher the rating, the higher the pay increase. The size of the pay increase can also vary depending on the position in the pay range. Typically, employees at the bottom of the pay range with high-performance ratings will get a larger increase than an employee near the top of the pay range with a high-performance rating. In some cases, the intention is to enable the employee to reach the top of the pay range at the same time as he or she is ready to be promoted. The difficulty is that this system is not supported by all employees. Research has demonstrated that merit-based pay is attractive to some occupations, for example managers, and to certain demographic groups, such as white-collar workers, high-income earners, and younger employees, but it might not be the best payment approach for all occupations and companies.


59. It is stated in the passage that companies.......


A) can contribute to their future prosperity by motivating their employees with a pay increase

B) use various forms of payment depending on the importance of the position

C) evaluate their employees’ previous performance to lay out future performance criteria

D) increase the motivation of their employees by setting attainable performance objectives

E) should use individual performance-related pay to motivate their non-efficient employees


60. It is understood from the passage that in the merit-based pay system,


A) supervisors’ strict control over employees may backfire as weak performance

B) employees are allowed to rate their own performance

C) supervisors’ rating points determine the amount of the pay increase

D) an employee gets a pay increase when his or her performance is higher than those of others

E) employees may get a pay increase during the supervision period


61. What can be concluded about a pay increase in the merit-based pay system?


A) Younger employees may not get a high pay increase since they may not compete well with experienced ones

B) Employees deserve a pay increase only if they have gained the qualifications required for a promotion

C) Companies try to keep the best employees at the top of the pay range by providing them with the highest pay increase

D) No matter how hard they try, employees in the lowest position cannot get a pay increase as high as that of the ones who are at the top of the pay range

E) Industrious employees with a low income may get a higher percentage of pay increase than those having a high income


62. What is the drawback of the merit-based pay system according to the passage?

A) Employees have no right to take part in the formulation of performance criteria

B) It is not efficient because it does not guarantee the promotion of hard-working employees

C) Rating points may not accurately reflect an employee’s performance

D) It may not be favoured by everyone since it benefits certain positions and careers

E) It does not help to assess employees’ monthly performance since it is applied annually

63) 

Student: 

– How do leaves know that it’s autumn?

Teacher: 

– During the autumn, every day is four minutes shorter than the one before it. This means leaves have four minutes less sunlight.

Student: 

– ----
Teacher: 

– Exactly! And, at some point, when it’s simply not worth the effort, trees shed their leaves.


A) In other words, they have a relatively smaller amount of time to change light and water into energy.

B) Does this mean some trees closest to streetlights keep their leaves later into autumn?

C) But the decrease in the amount of sunlight is not the sole reason, is it?

D) So, trees are very strong and in winter even produce their own anti-freeze in their cells.

E) That’s because leaves can’t distinguish between sunlight and artificial light, right?


64)
Doctor: 

– Most people don’t worry about their eye health, but we often say that all of us need an eye test, even if we can see fine.

Reporter: 

– You’re right, but people generally don’t see a doctor unless they have a problem with their vision. So, could you tell us why you highlight the importance of eye examinations?

Doctor:

 – ----

Reporter: 

– It seems early diagnosis is crucial in fighting some eye diseases.

A) If people would make a conscious effort to try to understand their visual health through personal research, many eye diseases would be less problematic.

B) Eye tests not only help us treat visual impairment, but they can also reveal the presence of some non-eye diseases like diabetes and high blood pressure.

C) Many eye conditions show no symptoms, and if people put off eye tests until they experience symptoms like blurry vision, the damage could already be irreversible.

D) The frequency of eye tests differs with age and the health of the person, but we often recommend an eye test every two years between ages 19 and 40.

E) Visual problems are not the single cause. People should also have an eye test when they experience redness, pain, discharge or flashes of light.


65)


Daisy:

 – Look at the lighthouse over there. It’s on a very steep hill. Do you think there is someone in it?

Kate: 

– ----

Daisy: 

– Perhaps the huge antenna on the roof can explain that.

Kate: 

– So, the lighthouse-keeper just goes there for periodic maintenance of the equipment.

A) I’m not certain. Some modern installations are controlled remotely from a convenient location.

B) I can’t say for sure, but it seems there is no one there. Otherwise, the lights would be on.

C) Probably! Lighthouses usually overlook the sea from a coastal hill and provide a safe shelter for the residents.

D) Yes, and I’m really curious about daily routines of a lighthouse-keeper. Watching the ships must be entertaining.

E) I don’t think so. Lighthouses guide ships with a strong light, so why should they be attended?


66)
Amanda:

 – Don’t you think people attach too much of their personal happiness to their weight?
Jane: 

– Definitely! They’re even willing to spend huge sums of money for the slightest chance of being thinner, especially overweight people and the ones who suffer from obesity.
Amanda: 

– Yeah, but so many of them get frustrated in the process because it’s more complicated than it looks.
Jane: – What do you mean?

Amanda:

 – ----
Jane: 

– Oh, so dietary advice won’t work in the same way for everybody.

A) The vast majority of people place such a high value on being thin that overweight people face prejudice and discrimination.

B) The view that undisciplined eating habits are the major cause of weight gain has been widespread for a long time.

C) Fortunately, dieticians have been coming up with a variety of new treatments to fight unhealthy weight gain.

D) The reality is weight-gain has many causes and there can be various combinations of these causes in different people.

E) Permanent lifestyle changes like making healthy food choices can promote long-term weight loss.

2019 Yabancı Dil Bilgisi Seviye Tespit Sınavı - 2

2019 - YDS/2  08-09-2019  Test of English

  1. B 2. D 3. E 4. B 5. D 6. B 7. B 8. D 9. C 10. C
  2. D 12. B 13. C 14. C 15. A 16. B 17. E 18. E 19. C 20. B
  3. D 22. D 23. C 24. D 25. B 26. E 27. C 28. A 29. D 30. E
  4. C 32. C 33. C 34. D 35. B 36. D 37. B 38. C 39. D 40. B
  5. C 42. D 43. E 44. E 45. B 46. B 47. D 48. B 49. B 50. A
  6. C 52. E 53. B 54. D 55. D 56. C 57. A 58. B 59. A 60. C
  7. E 62. D 63. A 64. C 65. A 66. D 67. A 68. C 69. C 70. D
  8. D 72. C 73. C 74. B 75. B 76. B 77. B 78. A 79. D 80. D

ÖSYM. (2019). YDS/2 İngilizce Sınavı Soruları ve Cevap Anahtarı.

BÖLÜM 1

Soru 1:

Tam Anlamı:
Araştırma, tipik beynin erkeklerde daha yaygın görülen bazı özellikleri ve kadınlarda daha sık ortaya çıkan bazı özellikleri bir araya getiren bir "mozaik" olduğunu bulmuştur. Bu, insan beyninin cinsiyetle kategorize edilen iki farklı tipe ait olmadığı ---- gösteriyor.

Kelime Türü: İsim.

Cevap: B) Conclusion

  • Anlam: Sonuç, çıkarım.
  • Eş Anlamlılar: Result, Deduction.
  • Zıt Anlamlılar: Question, Doubt.

Kalıplar:

  • Draw a conclusion: Bir sonuca varmak.
  • Logical conclusion: Mantıksal çıkarım.

Bağlam Cümlesi:
"The study led to the conclusion that brains cannot be strictly divided by gender."


Soru 2:

Tam Anlamı:
Birçok bilim insanı ve araştırma savunucusu, hayvan deneylerinin temel biyoloji ve hastalık mekanizmalarını öğrenmek ve yeni ilaçların ---- test edilmesi için gerekli olduğunu savunmaktadır.

Kelime Türü: İsim.

Cevap: D) Efficacy

  • Anlam: Etkililik, işe yararlılık.
  • Eş Anlamlılar: Effectiveness, Efficiency.
  • Zıt Anlamlılar: Ineffectiveness, Uselessness.

Kalıplar:

  • Test the efficacy of a drug: Bir ilacın etkililiğini test etmek.
  • Proven efficacy: Kanıtlanmış etkililik.

Bağlam Cümlesi:
"Researchers tested the efficacy of the new vaccine."


Soru 3:

Tam Anlamı:
Koku ve tat işlevleri ile bozuklukları neredeyse ---- olduğundan, birinin bozukluğu diğerini de etkiler.

Kelime Türü: Sıfat.

Cevap: E) Inseparable

  • Anlam: Ayrılmaz, birbirine bağlı.
  • Eş Anlamlılar: Indivisible, Interconnected.
  • Zıt Anlamlılar: Separate, Distinct.

Kalıplar:

  • Inseparable connection: Ayrılmaz bağ.
  • Inseparable from each other: Birbirinden ayrılmaz.

Bağlam Cümlesi:
"The senses of smell and taste are often inseparable in their function."


Soru 4:

Tam Anlamı:
Okyanus haritaları nadirdir, çünkü okyanusun enginliği ve derinliği, incelenmesini ---- zor hale getirir.

Kelime Türü: Zarf.

Cevap: B) Notoriously

  • Anlam: Adı kötüye çıkmış bir şekilde, ünlü bir şekilde (genelde olumsuz).
  • Eş Anlamlılar: Infamously, Famously (negatif bağlam).
  • Zıt Anlamlılar: Obscurely, Unfamiliarly.

Kalıplar:

  • Notoriously difficult: Ünlü bir şekilde zor.
  • Notoriously complex: Ünlü şekilde karmaşık.

Bağlam Cümlesi:
"Deep-sea mapping is notoriously difficult due to the lack of technology."


Soru 5:

Tam Anlamı:
Otizm spektrum koşullarına sahip çocuklar, çevrelerindeki insanların duygusal durumlarını ---- zorlanır; örneğin, mutlu bir yüz ile üzgün bir yüzü ayırt etmekte zorlanırlar.

Kelime Türü: Fiil.

Cevap: D) Identifying

  • Anlam: Tanımlamak, belirlemek.
  • Eş Anlamlılar: Recognizing, Distinguishing.
  • Zıt Anlamlılar: Overlooking, Ignoring.

Kalıplar:

  • Identify emotions: Duyguları tanımlamak.
  • Identify a problem: Bir problemi belirlemek.

Bağlam Cümlesi:
"Children with autism struggle to identify emotional expressions."


Soru 6:

Tam Anlamı:
İnsan başarıları, başkalarından bilgi edinme ve bu ortak deneyim hazinesini kullanarak yaşamın zorluklarına yeni çözümler bulma ----.

Kelime Türü: Phrasal Verb.

Cevap: B) Stem from

  • Anlam: -den kaynaklanmak.
  • Eş Anlamlılar: Originate from, Derive from.
  • Zıt Anlamlılar: Lead to, Cause.

Kalıplar:

  • Stem from a misunderstanding: Yanlış anlamadan kaynaklanmak.
  • Stem from a tradition: Bir gelenekten kaynaklanmak.

Bağlam Cümlesi:
"Human achievements stem from the ability to share knowledge and innovate."


BÖLÜM 2

7.
"For the first time, doctors ---- that temporarily opening the protective barrier of the human brain ---- to boost the delivery of cancer medication to brain tumours."

Doğru Cevap: B) have shown / helps

Açıklama:
Bu cümlede iki farklı zaman yapısı bulunmaktadır:

  • İlk boşluk, "doctors"ın bugüne kadar yaptıklarını ifade ettiği için Present Perfect (have shown) kullanılmalıdır.
  • İkinci boşluk ise genel bir gerçeklik veya bilimsel bilgiye atıfta bulunduğundan Simple Present (helps) uygundur.

8.
"The Martian atmosphere is so thin, and the planet’s temperature so low that liquid water ---- there, and if it ever did in the past, conditions ---- very different."

Doğru Cevap: B) could not exist / must have been

Açıklama:

  • İlk boşluk, Mars atmosferinin mevcut koşullarını (şu anda var olamaz) anlattığı için "could not exist" uygundur.
  • İkinci boşluk ise geçmişteki durumlarla ilgili çıkarım yaptığı için "must have been" doğru bir kullanımdır.

9.
"A tsunami damaged emergency generators that ---- power to keep the nuclear reactors at Fukushima in Japan cool; however, the earthquake ---- to the tsunami also caused the cooling systems to fail."

Doğru Cevap: C) would have provided / leading

Açıklama:

  • İlk boşluk, "could have provided" veya "would have provided" gibi hayali bir durumu ifade eder. Burada doğru kullanım "would have provided"dir.
  • İkinci boşluk, bir olayın sonucunda ne olduğuna değindiği için "leading" (doğru bağlaçsız kullanım) uygundur.

10.
"---- the 17th century, committed Anglicans produced a steady flow of religious and devotional literature that aimed to inspire holiness ---- readers."

Doğru Cevap: B) Throughout / among

Açıklama:

  • İlk boşluk için, bir zaman diliminin tamamında geçen bir durum anlatıldığında "Throughout" kullanılır.
  • İkinci boşluk ise insanlar arasında (among readers) geçerli olduğu için "among" uygundur.

11.
"The word adolescence is Latin ---- origin, derived from the verb adolescere, which means ‘to grow ---- adulthood.’"

Doğru Cevap: B) from / to

Açıklama:

  • İlk boşlukta "Latin from origin" doğru bir bağlam sunar.
  • İkinci boşlukta, büyümenin bir noktadan diğerine olduğunu ifade etmek için "to adulthood" kullanılır.

12.
"---- immigrants to North America’s new colonies were primarily British in the 17th and 18th centuries, significant numbers of people of other nationalities also established a presence in the Americas."

Doğru Cevap: B) While

Açıklama:

  • Zıtlık belirten bir bağlaç gereklidir. "While" (her ne kadar ... olsa da) bağlam açısından uygundur.

13.
"Not much had been accomplished with the phenomena of magnetism and static ---- the Chinese began to use the magnetic compass for navigation around 1000 AD."

Doğru Cevap: B) until

Açıklama:

  • Bir şeyin, başka bir olay gerçekleşene kadar yapılmamış olduğunu ifade etmek için "until" bağlacı kullanılır.

14.
"Liquid water covers more than two-thirds of the Blue Planet’s surface, ---- exactly how it got there has always been puzzling."

Doğru Cevap: C) but

Açıklama:

  • Cümlede iki zıt fikir (suyun varlığı ve bu varlığın gizemli oluşu) bağlandığı için "but" kullanımı uygundur.

15.
"Personality is ---- a crucial aspect of psychology ---- every main branch of psychological research has attempted to contribute to the existing knowledge in this area."

Doğru Cevap: A) such / that

Açıklama:

  • "Such ... that" kalıbı, bir şeyin önemini vurgulamak için kullanılır. Bu bağlamda uygundur.

16.
"Having a geopolitical significance ---- its unique aspect of dividing two continents, the Bosphorus stands among distinguished landmarks of Istanbul."

Doğru Cevap: B) thanks to

Açıklama:

  • Boğazın jeopolitik önemine değinildiği için "thanks to" (sayesinde) kullanımı doğrudur.
BÖLÜM 3

17. Soru: "Both deaths, (17)---- a series of close encounters in which no one was harmed, were clustered around the towns of Ballina and Byron Bay in New South Wales."

  • Cevap Seçenekleri:
    • A) Owing to: Bu ifade, bir şeyin sebebini belirtir (örneğin "Owing to the rain, the match was cancelled"). Ancak burada "deaths" ve "encounters" arasında böyle bir ilişki yoktur.
    • B) On behalf of: Birisinin adına, bir şeyin temsilcisi olarak anlamına gelir. Bu da anlam açısından uymuyor.
    • C) Along with: Bu seçenek, "birlikte" veya "yanında" anlamına gelir. "Close encounters" ile "deaths" arasında bağlantı kurar ve doğru bir anlam verir.
    • D) By means of: "Bir şey aracılığıyla" anlamına gelir. Bu durumda uygun bir bağlamda kullanılmaz.
    • E) With the aim of: Amaç belirtir, ancak burada "deaths" ile "close encounters" arasındaki ilişkiyi açıklamak için uygun değildir.

Doğru Cevap: C) Along with.
Bu seçim, kelime bilgisini kullanarak "close encounters" ile "deaths" arasındaki ilişkiyi doğal bir şekilde kurar.

18. Soru: "(18)---- , in 2014 the total number of attacks was 23; in 2013, that figure stood at 14."

  • Cevap Seçenekleri:
    • A) Therefore: Sonuç bağlacı olarak kullanılır ve burada bağlamı tamamlamaz.
    • B) That is: Açıklama yapmak için kullanılır ve bağlamda uygun bir seçenek olabilir.
    • C) Eventually: Zamanla, nihayetinde anlamına gelir ve burada uygun değildir.
    • D) For instance: Örnek vermek için kullanılır. Bu da bağlama uymuyor.
    • E) By comparison: Karşılaştırma yapıldığını gösteren uygun bir bağlaçtır.

Doğru Cevap: E) By comparison.
Bu bağlaç, önceki verilerle bir karşılaştırma yaparak 2014 ve 2013 yılına ait rakamları sunar.

19. Soru: “He (19)---- the rise in attacks not to a sudden change in shark behaviour but to the higher number of surfers in the water.”

  • Cevap Seçenekleri:
    • A) leads: "Yönlendirmek" anlamına gelir, fakat burada doğru anlamı vermez.
    • B) attributes: "Bir şeyi bir şeye bağlamak" anlamına gelir ve burada doğru bir seçenek olabilir.
    • C) conveys: "İletmek" anlamına gelir, fakat burada doğru bağlamda kullanılmaz.
    • D) dedicates: "Adamak" anlamına gelir, ancak bu bağlamda uygun değildir.
    • E) exposes: "Açığa çıkarmak" anlamına gelir, ancak bu da doğru bir seçim değil.

Doğru Cevap: B) attributes.
Bu kelime, bir durumu ya da sonucu belirli bir sebebe bağlamak için kullanılır, yani burada yükselişi dalgaların davranışlarındaki değişikliğe değil, sörfçü sayısındaki artışa atfetmektedir.

20. Soru: “For the last 60 years, wetsuits (20)---- people to spend more time in the water throughout the winter months, thus surfing in those conditions increases the risk.”

  • Cevap Seçenekleri:
    • A) were allowing: Bu seçenek, geçmişteki bir durumu anlatmak için kullanılır, ancak burada modern bir kullanıma ihtiyaç vardır.
    • B) had allowed: Bu geçmişe dair bir önceden tamamlanmış eylemi anlatır, ama burada daha uygun bir zaman yapısı gereklidir.
    • C) have allowed: Bu seçenek, geçmişten günümüze devam eden bir durumu ifade eder ve anlam açısından uygundur.
    • D) used to allow: Eskiden yapılan bir eylemden bahsediyor, fakat burada bu anlam da uygun değildir.
    • E) will be allowing: Gelecek zaman kullanımı gerekmiyor.

Doğru Cevap: C) have allowed.
"Have allowed", son 60 yılda devam eden bir durumu ifade etmek için uygundur.

21. Soru: “...could be carrying food for fish from rivers (21)---- the ocean and attracting sharks.”

  • Cevap Seçenekleri:
    • A) with: Bir şeyle birlikte anlamına gelir, ancak burada doğal bir bağlam sunmaz.
    • B) about: Hakkında anlamına gelir ve burada yanlış olur.
    • C) into: Bir yön veya yer değişikliği belirtir ve bu anlamda uygun bir kullanım sağlar.
    • D) upon: Genellikle daha eski bir dilde veya daha anlamlı bir bağlamda kullanılır.
    • E) for: Bir amaç veya hedef belirtir, fakat burada doğru bağlamı kurmaz.

Doğru Cevap: C) into.
Bu kullanım, yiyeceklerin denize doğru taşındığını ve orada köpekbalıklarını çekebileceğini anlatır.

BÖLÜM 4

22. Boşluğu Doldurma (Kelime Seçimi)

Cümle: "Without a coat of hair to protect themselves against harsh climatic conditions, they (22)____ an artificial means of retaining body heat in order to survive."

Seçenekler:

  • A) might find – Bu seçenek olasılık belirtir, ancak cümlenin bağlamına göre çok da mantıklı değil.
  • B) can find – Bu, olasılık belirtir, ancak burada kesin bir çözüm arayışı söz konusu olduğu için uygun değil.
  • C) should have found – Bu, geçmişte yapılması gereken bir eylemi ifade eder, ancak cümlede belirtilen 'survival' yani hayatta kalma durumu çok daha doğrudan bir gereklilik belirtir.
  • D) had to find – 'Had to' burada geçmişte zorunluluk ifade eder. İnsanların hayatta kalabilmek için vücut ısısını koruma ihtiyacı hissettikleri çok net bir şekilde belirtiliyor. Bu da doğru cevaptır.
  • E) would have found – Bu, geçmişte olma ihtimali olan bir durumu ifade eder, ancak 'survival' ihtiyacı açıkça bir zorunluluk ifade ettiği için, bu seçenek uygun değildir.

Doğru Cevap: D) had to find


23. Boşluğu Doldurma (Kelime Seçimi)

Cümle: "As societies began to develop, many other factors (23)____ the specific dress of a region or a culture, including the relative affluence, class and hierarchy, migration, war, religion, and industrialisation."

Seçenekler:

  • A) blurred – 'Blurred' belirsizleştirmek veya karıştırmak anlamına gelir. Bu, sosyal gelişimle ilgili bir faktörün belirli bir tarzı etkilemesi bağlamında anlamlı olmaz.
  • B) endured – 'Endured' dayanmak veya süregelmek anlamına gelir. Burada bir etkileşimden bahsedildiği için uygun değildir.
  • C) determined – 'Determined' belirlemek veya etkileyen anlamına gelir. Buradaki bağlama oldukça uygundur, çünkü sosyal faktörlerin kıyafeti belirlediği anlatılmaktadır.
  • D) exhausted – 'Exhausted' tükenmek anlamına gelir ve buradaki bağlama uymamaktadır.
  • E) threatened – 'Threatened' tehdit etmek anlamına gelir, ancak burada bu anlamda bir etkileşim olmadığı için uygun değildir.

Doğru Cevap: C) determined


24. Boşluğu Doldurma (Kelime Seçimi)

Cümle: "Historically, dress has provided people with a visual cue that helps them make predictions about a person (24)____ ethnicity, class, gender, profession, economic status, and even place of origin."

Seçenekler:

  • A) regardless of – 'Regardless of' bir şeyden bağımsız olarak anlamına gelir. Burada, bir kişinin hangi faktörlerle ilgili öngörüde bulunulabileceği anlatılmakta, bu da uygun bir anlam taşır.
  • B) in terms of – 'In terms of' belirli bir açıdan veya bakış açısıyla anlamına gelir. Bu da uygun bir seçim olabilir.
  • C) similar to – 'Similar to' benzer olmak anlamına gelir, ancak bu, bağlama uygun değildir.
  • D) rather than – 'Rather than' yerine anlamına gelir, ancak burada bu anlamda kullanılmaz.
  • E) over – 'Over' bir şeyin üzerinde olmak anlamına gelir, ancak bu bağlama uygun değildir.

Doğru Cevap: A) regardless of


25. Boşluğu Doldurma (Kelime Seçimi)

Cümle: "It forms an important element in social and economic history and can be an excellent basis 3 (25)____ the study of culture."

Seçenekler:

  • A) toward – 'Toward' bir şeye doğru yönelmek anlamına gelir, ancak burada bağlama uygun değildir.
  • B) at – 'At' bir yer veya zaman belirtir, ancak bu bağlama uymaz.
  • C) for – 'For' bir amacın veya kullanımı belirtir, burada 'çalışma' amacını ifade etmek için uygun bir kelimedir.
  • D) over – 'Over' üzerinde anlamına gelir ve bu bağlama uygun değildir.
  • E) from – 'From' bir yerden gelmek anlamına gelir, ancak burada bağlama uygun değildir.

Doğru Cevap: C) for


26. Boşluğu Doldurma (Kelime Seçimi)

Cümle: "Most cultures have particular dress for ceremonial occasions and life celebrations (26)____, dress holds a central role in ritual, social, and political life."

Seçenekler:

  • A) Due to – 'Due to' bir sebeple anlamına gelir, ancak burada bu anlamı kullanmak mantıklı olmayacaktır.
  • B) Despite – "Despite" bir durumun aksine, yani olumsuz bir koşula rağmen bir şeyin devam ettiğini belirtir. Burada, cümlenin anlamında olumsuz bir durum söz konusu değil, ama "dress holds a central role" ifadesi, kıyafetin sosyal, ritüel ve politik yaşamda merkezi bir rol oynadığını anlatırken, bu durum bir kontrast yaratıyor. Bu nedenle, "Despite" burada "the ceremonial occasions and life celebrations" ifadeleriyle bir zıtlık oluşturur.
  • C) As for – 'As for' 'bunun dışında' anlamına gelir, ancak bağlama uygun değildir.
  • D) In case of – 'In case of' durumunda anlamına gelir, ancak burada uygun değildir.
  • E) Instead of – 'Instead of' yerine anlamına gelir, ancak burada mantıklı değildir.

Doğru Cevap: B) Despite


Genel Sonuç:

  • 22: D) had to find
  • 23: C) determined
  • 24: A) regardless of
  • 25: C) for
  • 26: B) Despite

Bu sorular, bağlam içinde kelimelerin ve ifadelerin nasıl kullanıldığını anlamaya yönelik önemli ipuçları sağlar. Her bir boşluğu doğru şekilde doldurmak için, cümledeki anlamı ve sözcüklerin birbirleriyle olan ilişkisini dikkatlice analiz etmek gerekmektedir.

BÖLÜM 5

27. As the Dakota tribes along the Minnesota River in the US were fed up with settlers flooding into their territory, ----.

Analiz: Bu cümlede, Dakota kabilelerinin topraklarına yerleşen göçmenlerle ilgili yaşadıkları olumsuz duygu ve durum anlatılmaktadır. Kelime ve yapılar üzerinde bir inceleme yapılabilir.

  • Kelime öğrenme stratejisi: “Fed up with” ifadesi “bıkmak, usanmak” anlamına gelir. Bunu daha iyi anlamak için “fed up with” kalıbı ile kullanılan farklı cümle örnekleri incelenebilir: "I am fed up with waiting" (Beklemekten bıktım).
  • Doğru seçenek: Cevap “C” şıkkı, çünkü bu bağlamda kabilenin tepki olarak saldırıya geçmesi mantıklı. "They decided to respond with attacks to push the settlers off their reservation" ifadesi, metnin bağlamıyla tutarlıdır.

28. Because we are bombarded with so much information and misinformation about what might cause cancer, ----.

Analiz: Burada bir sebep-sonuç ilişkisi kurulmuş. Kelime kullanımı da önemlidir:

  • Kelime öğrenme stratejisi: "Bombarded" (bombalanmak, yoğun bilgiye maruz kalmak) kelimesinin anlamı "başka bir şeyle aşırı derecede dolmak"tır. Bu terim, derinlemesine anlam için farklı cümlelerde kullanılarak pekiştirilebilir.
  • Doğru seçenek: “A” şıkkı, cümlenin tamamlanmasında doğru olacaktır çünkü "myth from reality" (mit ve gerçeği ayırmak) ifadesi bağlamla uyumludur.

29. For a long time, punishment was viewed as a useful child-rearing tool, ----.

Analiz: Burada geçmişteki bir görüşten bahsedilmektedir. "Viewed" fiili ve "child-rearing tool" ifadesi, çocuk eğitimi bağlamına işaret etmektedir.

  • Kelime öğrenme stratejisi: "Punishment" (ceza) kelimesi ve "child-rearing" (çocuk yetiştirme) terimleri üzerinde durulabilir. "Punishment" kelimesinin eş anlamlıları, zıt anlamlıları ve kullanım örnekleri ile zenginleştirilebilir.
  • Doğru seçenek: "D" şıkkı, cümleyi doğru tamamlar çünkü "it is now recognised that it generally does not lead to the desired behavioural outcome" (şimdi ise genellikle istenen davranışsal sonuca yol açmadığı kabul ediliyor) ifadesi mantıklıdır.

30. While each researcher has their own way of analysing and interpreting animal remains, ----.

Analiz: Burada araştırmacıların farklı analiz yöntemlerine ve hayvan kalıntılarının önemine vurgu yapılmaktadır.

  • Kelime öğrenme stratejisi: "Analysing" (analiz etme) ve "interpreting" (yorumlama) fiilleri üzerinde durulabilir. Bu kelimelerin eş ve zıt anlamlılarıyla birlikte kullanım alanları araştırılabilir.
  • Doğru seçenek: “E” şıkkı, "some methods, terms and analytical tools are considered standard" (bazı yöntemler, terimler ve analiz araçları standart kabul edilir) ifadesi anlam bakımından doğru bir seçenek olacaktır.

31. Even though animal behaviourists have traditionally avoided linking human emotions, such as grief, with responses by animals, ----.

Analiz: Cümlede "animal behaviourists" ve "human emotions" arasındaki ilişki ele alınmaktadır.

  • Kelime öğrenme stratejisi: "Behaviourists" (davranış bilimcileri) ve "grief" (ağlama, yas) kelimelerinin anlamları ve kullanımlarına dair daha derin bir inceleme yapılabilir. "Grief" kelimesinin, diğer duygusal halleri tanımlamak için kullanılan eş anlamlılarıyla karşılaştırmalar yapılabilir.
  • Doğru seçenek: “C” şıkkı doğru olur çünkü "a growing body of evidence shows that species ranging from dolphins to ducks mourn the passing of relatives" (artan bir kanıtlar topluluğu, yunuslardan ördeklere kadar olan türlerin, akrabalarının kaybını yas tuttuğunu gösteriyor) ifadesi bu bağlamda anlamlıdır.

32. ----, language, as a complicated phenomenon of the human mind, does not seem to be restricted to a single region in the brain.

Analiz: Cümlenin tamamlanmasında dil ve beyin arasındaki ilişkiyi açıklayan bir bağlam aranır.

  • Kelime öğrenme stratejisi: “Restricted” (sınırlı, kısıtlanmış) kelimesinin anlamı ve kullanım bağlamları incelenebilir. Bu tür yapılar için örnekler oluşturulabilir.
  • Doğru seçenek: “C” şıkkı en uygun olacaktır, çünkü "Although it is localised mainly on the left side of the brain" (beynin sol tarafında çoğunlukla yerleşik olsa da) ifadesi doğru bir açıklamadır.

33. ----, someone who is successful in several fields is often called a Renaissance man or Renaissance woman.

Analiz: Burada, çeşitli alanlarda başarılı olan bir kişi tanımlanmaktadır.

  • Kelime öğrenme stratejisi: “Renaissance man” (Rönesans adamı) terimi, tarihsel bir bağlamda kullanılıyor ve bu bağlamda “Renaissance” kelimesinin anlamı ve tarihi dönemi daha iyi anlayabilmek için araştırılabilir.
  • Doğru seçenek: “C” şıkkı uygun olur çünkü "the Renaissance produced individuals with a wide range of interests who excelled in a number of different areas" (Rönesans, çok çeşitli ilgi alanlarına sahip ve farklı alanlarda mükemmelleşmiş bireyler üretmiştir) ifadesi doğru bir şekilde tanımlar.

34. Peer pressure is what causes people to do things that are popular in order to fit in with others, ----.

Analiz: Peer pressure (akran baskısı) ve onun etkisi üzerine bir açıklama yapılmaktadır.

  • Kelime öğrenme stratejisi: "Peer pressure" (akran baskısı) ve "fit in" (uyum sağlamak) ifadeleri dikkatlice analiz edilebilir. Bu terimler arasındaki anlam ilişkileri ve farklı bağlamlarda kullanımları gözlemlenebilir.
  • Doğru seçenek: “D” şıkkı doğru olacaktır çünkü "so it can be a very powerful driving force in the lives of adolescents" (bu nedenle ergenlerin hayatlarında çok güçlü bir itici güç olabilir) ifadesi akran baskısının gücünü anlatmaktadır.

35. According to skeletal therapists, it is vital that women strengthen their bodies in their 40s, ----.

Analiz: Burada, kadınların kemik sağlığını güçlendirmeleri için öneriler verilmektedir.

  • Kelime öğrenme stratejisi: “Vital” (hayati) kelimesi, güçlü bir şekilde önem verilen bir şeyi tanımlar. Bu kelimenin güçlü anlamı üzerine çalışılabilir.
  • Doğru seçenek: “B” şıkkı uygun olur çünkü "as bone density starts to gradually decrease, leaving the bones fragile during this period" (kemik yoğunluğu bu dönemde yavaşça azalmaya başlar, kemikleri kırılgan bırakır) ifadesi, verilen bağlama anlamlı bir şekilde uyar.

36. Fast food has emerged as one of the biggest enemies of health, especially for children, ----.

Analiz: Hızlı gıda ve sağlık üzerine bir değerlendirme yapılmaktadır.

  • Kelime öğrenme stratejisi: “Emerged” (ortaya çıkmak) ve "enemies" (düşmanlar) kelimelerinin anlamları ve bunların bağlamdaki yerleri incelenebilir.
  • Doğru seçenek: “D” şıkkı doğru olacaktır çünkü "so the fast food industry has received a lot of critical attention in recent years" (bu nedenle fast food endüstrisi son yıllarda çok fazla eleştirel dikkat çekmiştir) ifadesi mantıklıdır.

EKLER
27. Dakota tribes

  • Kelime Türü: İsim
  • Tam Anlamı: Dakota kabileleri, Minnesota Nehri etrafında yaşayan yerli Amerikan kabilelerinden biridir.
  • Eş ve Zıt Anlamlıları: Eş: Native tribes, Indigenous groups. Zıt: Settlers, Colonizers.
  • Kalıplar: "Dakota tribes of Minnesota" (Minnesota'daki Dakota kabileleri).
  • Kök ve Türevler: Dakota (isim), Dakotan (sıfat).
  • Kullanım Bağlamları: Genellikle tarihsel bağlamlarda, özellikle Amerikan yerlileri ve yerleşimciler arasındaki çatışmalarla ilgili konuşurken kullanılır.

28. Bombarded

  • Kelime Türü: Fiil
  • Tam Anlamı: Yoğun bir şekilde bir şeyle saldırıya uğramak, bir konu ile aşırı derecede karşılaşmak.
  • Eş ve Zıt Anlamlıları: Eş: Overwhelm, Deluge. Zıt: Ignore, Avoid.
  • Kalıplar: "Bombarded with information" (bilgiyle bombalanmak), "bombarded by media" (medya tarafından bombalanmak).
  • Kök ve Türevler: Bombard (fiil), Bombardment (isim), Bombarder (isim).

29. Punishment

  • Kelime Türü: İsim
  • Tam Anlamı: Bir kişinin yaptığı yanlış bir davranıştan dolayı aldığı ceza.
  • Eş ve Zıt Anlamlıları: Eş: Discipline, Retribution. Zıt: Reward, Forgiveness.
  • Kalıplar: "Capital punishment" (idam cezası), "Punishment for crimes" (suçlar için ceza).
  • Kök ve Türevler: Punish (fiil), Punitive (sıfat), Punishing (sıfat).

30. Analyzing

  • Kelime Türü: Fiil
  • Tam Anlamı: Bir şeyin bileşenlerine ayrılarak derinlemesine incelenmesi.
  • Eş ve Zıt Anlamlıları: Eş: Examine, Investigate. Zıt: Ignore, Overlook.
  • Kalıplar: "Analyze data" (veri analiz etmek), "Analyze a problem" (bir problemi analiz etmek).
  • Kök ve Türevler: Analysis (isim), Analytical (sıfat), Analyst (isim).

31. Grief

  • Kelime Türü: İsim
  • Tam Anlamı: Kayıp veya trajik bir olay sonrası duyulan derin üzüntü.
  • Eş ve Zıt Anlamlıları: Eş: Sorrow, Mourning. Zıt: Joy, Happiness.
  • Kalıplar: "Grief over a loss" (kaybın yasını tutmak), "Deal with grief" (yasla başa çıkmak).
  • Kök ve Türevler: Grieve (fiil), Grieving (isim), Grief-stricken (sıfat).

32. Neurolinguistics

  • Kelime Türü: İsim
  • Tam Anlamı: Beyin ile dil arasındaki ilişkiyi inceleyen bilim dalı.
  • Eş ve Zıt Anlamlıları: Eş: Cognitive linguistics, Brain science. Zıt: None.
  • Kalıplar: "Neurolinguistic research" (neurolinguistik araştırma), "Neurolinguistic processing" (neurolinguistik işleme).
  • Kök ve Türevler: None.

33. Renaissance

  • Kelime Türü: İsim
  • Tam Anlamı: Orta Çağ'ın sonlarından sonra, özellikle Avrupa'da yeniden doğan sanat, kültür ve bilim hareketi.
  • Eş ve Zıt Anlamlıları: Eş: Rebirth, Revival. Zıt: Decline, Decay.
  • Kalıplar: "Renaissance man" (Rönesans adamı), "Renaissance period" (Rönesans dönemi).
  • Kök ve Türevler: None.

34. Peer Pressure

  • Kelime Türü: İsim
  • Tam Anlamı: Bir kişinin, gruba uyma isteği nedeniyle başkalarının etkisiyle yaptığı eylemler.
  • Eş ve Zıt Anlamlıları: Eş: Social influence, Conformity. Zıt: Individuality, Independence.
  • Kalıplar: "Peer pressure to conform" (uyma baskısı), "Resist peer pressure" (grup baskısına karşı durmak).
  • Kök ve Türevler: None.

35. Strengthen

  • Kelime Türü: Fiil
  • Tam Anlamı: Bir şeyi güçlendirmek, sağlamlaştırmak.
  • Eş ve Zıt Anlamlıları: Eş: Fortify, Reinforce. Zıt: Weaken, Diminish.
  • Kalıplar: "Strengthen the body" (vücudu güçlendirmek), "Strengthen muscles" (kasları güçlendirmek).
  • Kök ve Türevler: Strength (isim), Strong (sıfat), Strengthening (isim).

36. Emerged

  • Kelime Türü: Fiil
  • Tam Anlamı: Ortaya çıkmak, belirmek.
  • Eş ve Zıt Anlamlıları: Eş: Appear, Emerge. Zıt: Disappear, Vanish.
  • Kalıplar: "Emerging trends" (ortaya çıkan trendler), "Emerging market" (yükselen pazar).
  • Kök ve Türevler: Emerge (fiil), Emergence (isim).

Önerilen Yaklaşım: Her kelimeyi bu şekilde ele alarak, kelimelerin anlamlarını, eş ve zıt anlamlılarını, kullanım örneklerini ve türevlerini öğrenebilirsiniz. Bu tür detaylı analiz, kelimelerin doğru kullanımı ve anlamı hakkında daha derin bir bilgi birikimi sağlar.

BÖLÜM 6

37. Alternative medicine has become increasingly popular in the Western world since about 1975, and has been the subject of much research ever since.

Best Translation:

  • B) Alternatif tıp, Batı dünyasında yaklaşık 1975’ten beri gittikçe popüler hâle gelmiştir ve bu tarihten itibaren pek çok araştırmanın konusu olmuştur.

  • Analysis:

    • Kelime Türü: Fiil (has become), Sıfat (increasingly), İsim (research)
    • Eş Anlamlılar: Popularity → Popular, Research → Study, Subject → Topic
    • Zıt Anlamlılar: None in context.
    • Kalıplar: "Increasingly popular" (giderek popüler hale gelmek), "Subject of research" (araştırmanın konusu olmak)

38. Forensic investigators make a permanent record of anything at a crime scene that is relevant to the crime, and not only does this attention prevent dependence on highly unreliable human memory, and it also provides evidence that is likely to be accepted in court.

Best Translation:

  • C) Adli araştırmacılar, olay yerinde suç ile ilgili her şeyin kalıcı kaydını tutarlar ve bu dikkat sadece oldukça güvenilmez olan insan hafızasına bağımlı olmayı engellemekle kalmaz aynı zamanda mahkemede muhtemelen kabul edilebilecek kanıt da sağlar.

  • Analysis:

    • Kelime Türü: İsim (memory, evidence), Fiil (prevent, make), Sıfat (unreliable, permanent)
    • Eş Anlamlılar: Memory → Recall, Evidence → Proof, Prevent → Avoid
    • Zıt Anlamlılar: Dependence → Independence
    • Kalıplar: "Prevent dependence" (bağımlılığı engellemek), "Permanent record" (kalıcı kayıt)

39. Bullying has been documented in almost every culture around the world, though there is evidence that it may be more prevalent in some countries than in others.

Best Translation:

  • D) Zorbalığın dünya çapında neredeyse her kültürde var olduğu ispat edilmiştir ancak bazı ülkelerde diğerlerinde olduğundan daha yaygın olabileceğine dair kanıtlar bulunmaktadır.

  • Analysis:

    • Kelime Türü: Fiil (documented, may be), İsim (evidence, culture)
    • Eş Anlamlılar: Bullying → Harassment, Prevalent → Common, Evidence → Proof
    • Zıt Anlamlılar: None in context.
    • Kalıplar: "Evidence of bullying" (zorbalığa dair kanıt), "Prevalent in countries" (bazı ülkelerde yaygın olmak)

40. Aşırı yağlı yiyecekler tüketen insanların diğerlerine göre kalitesiz gece uykusundan yakınmaları daha muhtemeldir, çünkü yağ tüketimi hormonları ve metabolizmayı olumsuz etkiler, ki bunların ikisi de uykuyu düzenleyen biyolojik saatle etkileşim içerisindedir.

Best Translation:

  • B) People who consume high-fat foods are more likely to suffer from poor night-time sleep than others, as fat intake negatively affects hormones and metabolism, both of which interact with the internal clock that regulates sleep.

  • Analysis:

    • Kelime Türü: Fiil (consume, suffer), İsim (sleep, metabolism)
    • Eş Anlamlılar: Suffer → Endure, Fat intake → Fat consumption, Regulate → Control
    • Zıt Anlamlılar: Poor → Quality, Interact → Isolate
    • Kalıplar: "Suffer from poor sleep" (kötü uykudan yakınmak), "Fat intake" (yağ tüketimi)

41. Anoreksiya nervoza, perhiz ve ince olma takıntısının aşırı kilo kaybına yol açtığı bir beslenme bozukluğudur; ancak birey kilo kaybını bir sağlık problemi olarak kabul etmez.

Best Translation:

  • A) Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder caused by an individual’s obsession with dieting and thinness that leads to excessive weight loss, though the individual does not recognize the weight loss as a health problem.

  • Analysis:

    • Kelime Türü: İsim (eating disorder, weight loss), Fiil (caused, recognize)
    • Eş Anlamlılar: Obsession → Fixation, Weight loss → Reduction, Health problem → Health issue
    • Zıt Anlamlılar: None in context.
    • Kalıplar: "Health problem" (sağlık problemi), "Excessive weight loss" (aşırı kilo kaybı)

42. İlk kentlerin tam olarak ne zaman, nerede ve nasıl ortaya çıktığına dair tartışmalar devam etse de, çoğu araştırmacı bu kentlerin beş ya da altı bin yıl önce dünyanın çeşitli bölgelerinde kurulduğunu ileri sürmektedir.

Best Translation:

  • B) Even though discussions continue about exactly when, where, and how the first cities arose, many researchers argue that these cities were built five or six thousand years ago in various regions around the world.

  • Analysis:

    • Kelime Türü: Fiil (continue, argue), İsim (discussions, researchers)
    • Eş Anlamlılar: Arise → Emerge, Built → Constructed, Regions → Areas
    • Zıt Anlamlılar: Debate → Agreement
    • Kalıplar: "Built in regions" (bölgelerde inşa edilmek), "Discussions continue" (tartışmalar devam etmek)

EKLER

  1. Perception (Algı)

    • Kelime Türü: İsim
    • Anlam: Bir şeyin algılanma biçimi.
    • Eş Anlamlılar: Understanding, Awareness
    • Zıt Anlamlılar: Misunderstanding, Ignorance
    • Kalıplar: "Public perception" (kamu algısı), "Perception of reality" (gerçekliğin algısı)
  2. Bring Out (Yayımlamak)

    • Kelime Türü: Phrasal verb
    • Anlam: Bir şeyi yayımlamak veya bir özellik/yetenek ortaya çıkarmak
    • Eş Anlamlılar: Reveal, Publish
    • Zıt Anlamlılar: Conceal, Suppress
    • Kalıplar: "Bring out a book" (kitap yayımlamak), "Bring out the best in someone" (birinin en iyi yönlerini ortaya çıkarmak)
  3. Fall Into (Dökülmek, İçine Düşmek)

    • Kelime Türü: Phrasal verb
    • Anlam: Bir kategoriye girmek ya da fiziksel olarak bir yere düşmek
    • Eş Anlamlılar: Belong to, Fit into
    • Zıt Anlamlılar: Avoid, Escape
    • Kalıplar: "Fall into a trap" (tuzağa düşmek), "Fall into place" (yerine oturmak)
  4. Adherence (Bağlılık)

    • Kelime Türü: İsim
    • Anlam: Bir şeye sıkıca bağlı olma
    • Eş Anlamlılar: Loyalty, Commitment
    • Zıt Anlamlılar: Neglect, Disobedience
    • Kalıplar: "Adherence to rules" (kurallara bağlılık)
BÖLÜM 7

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