Lesson Objective
By the end of this lesson, students will be able to:
- Understand the structure and use of Simple Present, Simple Past, Present Perfect, and Past Perfect tenses.
- Apply these tenses in practical contexts.
- Recognize and differentiate between English and Turkish grammar rules where applicable.
- Use key grammar rules and examples to improve sentence construction.
1. Simple Present Tense
Explanation
The Simple Present tense is used to describe:
- Regular actions or habits (e.g., "She goes to school every day.")
- General truths (e.g., "The sun rises in the east.")
- Permanent situations (e.g., "I live in Istanbul.")
Key Rules
- Use the base verb for subjects I/You/We/They (e.g., "They play football.")
- Add -s or -es for third-person singular (e.g., "He plays football.")
Examples
- "We help each other as friends."
- "She knows the answer."
Practice Exercise
Fill in the blanks:
- She ______ (go) to school every morning.
- They ______ (study) English on Mondays.
- He ______ (help) his mom in the kitchen.
Tips & Tricks
- Remember: For third-person singular, don’t forget the -s!
- Use time markers like "every day," "always," and "sometimes."
Visual Explanation
- Timeline Concept: Action happens regularly or is always true in the present.
2. Simple Past Tense
Explanation
The Simple Past tense describes actions that started and finished in the past.
- Example: "I saw you yesterday."
Key Rules
- Regular verbs end with -ed (e.g., "He played football.")
- Irregular verbs have unique forms (e.g., "She went to school.")
Examples
- "I didn’t go out. Instead, I stayed at home."
- "She loved the book."
Practice Exercise
Rewrite the sentences in the past tense:
- They play football every Sunday.
- I study English every day.
- She goes to the market.
Tips & Tricks
- Make a list of irregular verbs and their past forms (e.g., teach → taught, think → thought).
Visual Explanation
- Timeline Concept: Action happened and is completed in the past.
3. Present Perfect Tense
Explanation
The Present Perfect tense is used to describe:
- Actions that started in the past and continue into the present (e.g., "I have lived here since 1990.")
- Actions that happened at an unspecified time in the past (e.g., "She has seen that movie before.")
Key Rules
- Use have/has + past participle.
- Time markers: "since," "for," "already," "yet," "just."
Examples
- "I haven’t gone out since I moved here."
- "We have been friends for years."
Practice Exercise
Complete the sentences:
- I ______ (live) in Istanbul since 2010.
- She ______ (finish) her homework already.
- They ______ (not/see) that movie yet.
Tips & Tricks
- Turkish Note: There is no direct equivalent in Turkish, but think of actions that connect the past and present.
Visual Explanation
- Timeline Concept: Action starts in the past and continues into the present.
4. Past Perfect Tense
Explanation
The Past Perfect tense describes an action that was completed before another action in the past.
- Example: "If she had loved you, she wouldn’t have gone away."
Key Rules
- Use had + past participle.
Examples
- "I had seen her before the party started."
- "If only she had known about the meeting."
Practice Exercise
Combine the sentences using Past Perfect:
- She left the house. I arrived.
- They finished dinner. The guests came.
Tips & Tricks
- Remember: The Past Perfect emphasizes the order of events.
Visual Explanation
- Timeline Concept: Earlier action in the past is completed before another past action.
5. Additional Key Grammar Concepts
Vocabulary Notes:
Peculiar
Türkçe karşılık: Alışılmadık, tuhaf, farklı
Example: "His peculiar behavior made everyone around him feel uneasy."Notorious
Türkçe karşılık: Kötü üne sahip, kötü ünlü
Example: "The city is notorious for its high crime rate."Incentives
Türkçe karşılık: Teşvik
Example: "The company offered incentives to employees for meeting their targets."Remarkably
Türkçe karşılık: Dikkate değer şekilde, gözle görülür şekilde
Example: "She performed remarkably well in her exams."Fortify
Türkçe karşılık: Güçlendirmek
Example: "They decided to fortify their house against the storm."Make up for
Türkçe karşılık: Telafi etmek
Example: "He apologized for being late and promised to make up for it by working overtime."
Idiomatic Expressions:
Getting away with
Türkçe karşılık: Paçayı sıyırmak, cezadan kurtulmak
Example: "The thief thought he was getting away with the crime, but the police caught him."Come down with
Türkçe karşılık: Hastalığa yakalanmak
Example: "I think I'm coming down with a cold."By means of
Türkçe karşılık: Vasıtasıyla
Example: "They traveled to the city by means of a fast train."
Phrases for Practice:
"Just as I was leaving home, you called me."
Türkçe: Evden çıkmak üzereyken bana telefon ettin."In case of fire, use the stairs."
Türkçe: Yangın durumunda merdivenleri kullanın.
Additional Grammar Notes
"I wish" and "If only" Usage Examples
I wish:
"I wish I had studied harder for the exam."
Türkçe: Keşke sınav için daha çok çalışsaydım.If only:
"If only I had studied harder for the exam."
Türkçe: Keşke sınav için daha çok çalışsaydım. (Stronger regret)
Difference Between "Only if" and "If only"
Only if: Describes a condition.
Example: "I will go to the party only if you come with me."If only: Describes a wish or regret.
Example: "If only I had known about the meeting earlier!"
"Be used to" vs. "Get used to"
Be used to: Means accustomed to.
Example: "I am used to waking up early."Get used to: Refers to the process of becoming accustomed.
Example: "I am still getting used to waking up early."
"As Well As" Expression
- Used to connect two ideas, meaning "and" or "in addition to". Example: "She likes playing tennis as well as swimming."
2. "As Well As" - "Yanı Sıra" veya "Ayrıca" (Öne Çıkan Bir Durum)
"As well as" bazen, önceki ifadeyi pekiştiren bir anlamda, "yanı sıra" veya "ek olarak" anlamında kullanılabilir.
Örnekler:
He is a talented artist, as well as a skilled musician.
O, yetenekli bir sanatçı yanı sıra yetenekli bir müzisyendir.
(Bu cümlede "as well as", sanatçı olmanın yanı sıra müzisyen olmayı da vurguluyor.)She has a degree in physics, as well as in mathematics.
O, fizik ve matematik alanlarında da diploması olan biridir.
(Burada "as well as", iki farklı alandaki uzmanlığı belirtiyor.)
Bu şekilde, "as well as" hem "ve" anlamında hem de daha vurgulu bir bağlamda "yanı sıra" veya "ek olarak" anlamında kullanılabilir.
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